Insulin resistance parameters in children born very preterm and adequate for gestational age.

BACKGROUND: Preterm neonates are at risk for metabolic syndrome later in life. Whether prematurity constitutes an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To compare anthropometric measures, cardiometabolic risk factors and insulin resistance variables between children who were born very preterm (VPT, <32 gestational weeks) and at term (Term, >37 gestational weeks) and adequate for gestational age (AGA). METHODS: We designed a cross-sectional cohort study, recruiting 120 children (5.0-8.5 years old) from the preterm clinic at Red de Salud UC-Christus and Complejo Asistencial Dr. Sótero del Río, and term children from the community. We excluded children born small for gestational age, based on INTERGROWTH21. Anthropometrics data were classified using WHO reference standards. The homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), triglyceride-to-HDL-C ratio (TG/HDL-C) and Pediatric Score Index for Metabolic Syndrome (PsiMS) were calculated. RESULTS: VPT children born AGA had lower HDL cholesterol levels (p = .019) and a higher PsiMS score than those born at term (p = .043). We observed a higher percentage of children with HDL cholesterol ≤40 mg/dl (13.0% vs. 2.3%, p = .026) and BP ≥90th percentile among the VPT children than among the Term children (26.0% vs. 11.6%, p = .031). CONCLUSIONS: At school age, blood pressure was higher, and HDL-C was lower among VPT children born AGA, suggesting a potential metabolic risk; therefore, it is essential to follow this group throughout their lives.

Trabajos originales

Resumo: A teoria da objetificação propõe que as experiências de objetificação sexual vivenciadas pelas mulheres levam à auto-objetificação: uma preocupação excessiva e prejudicial com a própria aparência em detrimento dos estados e competências corporais. A pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar as propriedades psicométricas de uma escala de auto-objetificação corporal para universitárias brasileiras. A amostra foi composta por 400 mulheres, com idades entre 17 e 53 anos (M = 21,65; DP = 5,46), sendo a maioria graduandas do curso de psicologia (49%, n = 196). Análises fatoriais exploratórias (AFE) e confirmatórias (AFC) foram realizadas para verificar a estrutura do modelo. Os resultados suportaram uma estrutura com 13 itens e duas dimensões: Vigilância corporal e Vergonha Corporal, mostrando bons indicadores para validade e confiabilidade interna. Não houve diferenças significativas entre graduandas em psicologia e estudantes de outros cursos. Discute-se futuras aplicações do instrumento e possibilidades frente a investigação da auto-objetificação em contextos variados.

Abstract: The objectification theory proposes that experiences of sexualization lead to self-objectification in women: a harmful concern for their appearance at the expense of body states and skills. The research aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Body Objectification Consciousness Scale for female Brazilian university students. The sample was composed by 400 women, aged between 17 and 53 years old (M = 21.65; SD = 5.46), the majority of them were undergraduate psychology students (49%, n = 196). Exploratory (AFE) and confirmatory (AFC) factor analyzes were performed to verify the model's structure. The results supported a structure with 13 items and two dimensions: Body Surveillance and Body Shame, showing good indicators for internal validity and reliability. There were no significant differences between undergraduate psychology students and students from other courses. Future applications of the instrument and possibilities regarding the investigation of self-objectification in different contexts are discussed.

Resumen: La teoría de la objetivación propone que las experiencias de objetivación sexual vividas por las mujeres conducen a la auto-objetivación: una preocupación excesiva y dañina por su apariencia a expensas de los estados y competencias corporales. La investigación tuvo como objetivo investigar las propiedades psicométricas de una escala de auto-objetivación corporal en una muestra de estudiantes universitarias brasileñas. Participaron 400 mujeres, de entre 17 y 53 años (M = 21.65; DT = 5.46), la mayoría egresadas de la carrera de psicología (49%, n = 196). Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios (AFE) y confirmatorios (AFC) para verificar la estructura del modelo. Los resultados apoyaron un modelo con 13 ítems y dos dimensiones: Vigilancia corporal y Vergüenza corporal, mostrando buenos indicadores de validez interna y confiabilidad. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los estudiantes de psicología y los estudiantes de otros cursos. Se discuten futuras aplicaciones del instrumento y posibilidades en la investigación de la auto-objetivación en diferentes contextos.

Fratura condilar em paciente pediátrico: um relato de caso condilar / Fracture in pediatric patient: a case report

As fraturas faciais em crianças são raras, já que os ossos faciais pediátricos têm maior elasticidade, menos pneumatização, tecido adiposo circundante mais espesso e mais estabilização da mandíbula e maxila pelos dentes não irrompidos. Em geral, lesões nos tecidos moles são mais comuns em crianças do que fraturas esqueléticas. Entre as fraturas faciais pediátricas, as fraturas da mandíbula são as mais comuns, sendo o côndilo a área mais acometida em pacientes pediátricos. O côndilo é considerado o principal centro de crescimento da mandíbula em crianças, assim é de suma importância a definição do tratamento adequado, pautado em diversos critérios de avaliação, com o intuito de erradicar possíveis complicações advindas da fratura condilar. Assim o objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de fratura de côndilo unilateral em uma criança, na qual realizou-se abordagem cirúrgica com fixação interna, afim de elucidar e discutir as possíveis condutas terapêuticas acerca de tratamentos a serem aplicados, visto que esses ainda são bastante controversos na literatura e os resultados das diversas condutas são os mais diversos, apresentando variados aspectos que interferem na evolução dos pacientes(AU)

Facial fractures in children are rare, since pediatric facial bones have greater elasticity, less pneumatization,thicker surrounding adipose tissue and more stabilization of the jaw and jaw by unerupted teeth.In general, soft tissue injuries are more common in children than skeletal fractures.Among pediatric facial fractures, mandible fractures are the most common, with condyl being the most affected area in pediatric patients.The condyl is considered the main center of mandible growth in children, so it is of Paramount importance to define the appropriate treatment, based on several evaluationcriteria, in order to eradicate possible complications resulting from the condilar fracture.Thus, the aim of this study is to report a case of unilateral condyl fracture in a child, in which a surgical approach with internal fixation was performedin order to elucidate and discuss the possible therapeutic approaches about treatments to be applied, since these are still quite controversial in the literature and the results of the various behaviors are the most diverse,presenting several aspects that interfere in the evolution of patients(AU)

Manejo cirúrgico de fratura cominutiva de mandíbula por ferimento de arma de fogo: relato de caso / Surgical management of comminuted jaw fracture by firearms injury: case report

Os ferimentos por arma de fogo (FAF) são um grande problema de saúde pública. Na face, a mandíbula é o local de maior incidência, sendo a região de corpo mandibular a mais atingida e as lesões aos tecidos moles frequentemente a ela associadas. Em alguns casos, tais ferimentos apresentam-se de difícil resolução, sobretudo, em casos de fraturas cominutivas e lesões de tecidos moles com alta complexidade. Isso torna o atendimento desses pacientes um desafio para cirurgiões buco-maxilo-faciais. Desta forma, o objetivo deste artigo é relatar um caso de FAF em terço inferior da face, com comprometimento de tecidos moles e mandíbula, pela equipe de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial do Hospital Geral do Estado - Bahia. Paciente de 28 anos de idade, sexo feminino, vítima de FAF em terço inferior da face, por disparo acidental de espingarda. Ao exame clínico, pode-se observar ferimento perfuro-contuso em região de mandíbula e fratura cominutiva de corpo e ângulo mandibular à direita. A paciente foi submetida à cirurgia para remoção de fragmentos ósseos/corpos estranhos, fixação dos cotos com placa de reconstrução 2.4mm e sutura dos planos, em mesmo tempo cirúrgico, reestabelecendo a função da mandíbula. Portanto, devido à fisiopatologia variável dos FAF na mandíbula, não se indica um único padrão de tratamento para as fraturas cominutivas. Além disso, é indispensável o emprego de protocolos de limpeza cirúrgica imediata e antibioticoterapia nos casos com alto grau de cominuição, bem como, sugere-se realizar o tratamento definitivo o mais breve possível(AU)

Firearm injuries (FIs) are a major public health problem. On the face, the mandible is the place with the highest incidence of this trauma, with the mandibular body region being the most affected and the lesions to the soft tissues frequently associated with it. In some cases, such injuries are difficult to resolve, especially in cases of comminuted fractures and soft tissue injuries with high complexity. This makes the care of these patients a challenge for oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Thus, the objective of this article is to report a case of care for a FAF victim in the lower third of the face, with soft tissue and mandible involvement, by the Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology team at the Hospital Geral do Estado - Bahia. 28-year-old female patient, victim of FAF in the lower third of the face, due to acidental shotgun firing. On clinical examination, a perforated-blunt wound can be seen in the mandible region and comminuted fracture of the body and angle of the mandible on the right. The patient underwent surgery to remove bone fragments / foreign bodies, fix the stumps with a 2.4 mm reconstruction plate and suture the planes, at the same surgical time, reestablishing the function of the mandible. Therefore, due to the variable pathophysiology of FAF in the mandible, a single treatment pattern is not indicated for comminuted fractures. In addition, it is essential to use immediate surgical cleaning protocols and antibiotic therapy in cases with a high degree of comminution, as well as, it is suggested to carry out the definitive treatment as soon as possible(AU)

Exodontia de pré-molar incluso em íntimo contato com o nervo mentoniano: relato de caso / Unerupted premolar extraction in close contact with the mental nerve: case report

Ocasionalmente, as unidades dentárias sofrem alterações em sua região de desenvolvimento natural, impossibilitando a erupção ou irrompimento em posições funcionais. Objetivo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o procedimento ambulatorial de exodontia de pré-molar impactado em íntimo contato com o nervo mentual, observando os riscos presentes. Relato de Caso: Paciente do gênero feminino, faioderma, 30 anos de idade, procurou o serviço de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial da OSID/UFBA para exodontia da unidade 35 inclusa, com finalidade ortodôntica, após insucesso de tracionamento prévio. O plano de tratamento incluiu exodontia do elemento 35 sob anestesia local. No pós-operatório de sete dias, foi referida presença de hipoestesiaemregião de mento e lábioesquerdo, sendo esta sintomatologia ausente após o vigésimo primeiro dia de acompanhamento. No momento, em acompanhamento de 04 meses de pós-operatório, a paciente encontra-se sem sinais e sintomas de hipoestesia em hemiface afetada, bem como retorno ao tratamento ortodôntico. Conclusão: A técnica cirúrgica minimamente invasiva é imprescindível para obtenção de bons resultados com o mínimo de repercussão para o paciente, ainda que o trauma cirúrgico devido ao afastamento do nervo mentoniano possa provocar alteração de sensibilidade pós-operatória temporária. Este caso pode contribuir para a literatura mínima disponível sobre os segundos pré-molares impactados, oferecendo uma opção de abordagem em seu plano de tratamento, de forma a evitar lesões ao nervo mentoniano e persistência de hipoestesia no pós-operatório(AU)

Occasionally, dental units undergo changes in their region of natural development, making it impossible to erupt in functional positions. Objective: The present study aims to report the outpatient procedure of impacted premolar extraction in close contact with the mental nerve, observing the present risks. Case Report: Female patient, faioderm, 30 years old, sought the Service of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of OSID/UFBA for extraction of included unit 35, with orthodontic purpose, after failure of previous orthodontic traction. Conclusion: The minimally invasive surgical technique is essential to obtain good results with minimal repercussion for the patient, although the surgical trauma due to the separation of mental nerve may cause a change in the temporary postoperative sensitivity. This case may contribute to the minimal literature available about impacted second premolars, offering an option of approach in its treatment plan, in order to avoid lesions to the mental nerve and persistence of postoperative hypoesthesia(AU)

Mutations in MAGEL2 and L1CAM Are Associated With Congenital Hypopituitarism and Arthrogryposis.

CONTEXT: Congenital hypopituitarism (CH) is rarely observed in combination with severe joint contractures (arthrogryposis). Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SHFYNG) phenotypically overlaps with Prader-Willi syndrome, with patients also manifesting arthrogryposis. L1 syndrome, a group of X-linked disorders that include hydrocephalus and lower limb spasticity, also rarely presents with arthrogryposis. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the molecular basis underlying the combination of CH and arthrogryposis in five patients. PATIENTS: The heterozygous p.Q666fs*47 mutation in the maternally imprinted MAGEL2 gene, previously described in multiple patients with SHFYNG, was identified in patients 1 to 4, all of whom manifested growth hormone deficiency and variable SHFYNG features, including dysmorphism, developmental delay, sleep apnea, and visual problems. Nonidentical twins (patients 2 and 3) had diabetes insipidus and macrocephaly, and patient 4 presented with ACTH insufficiency. The hemizygous L1CAM variant p.G452R, previously implicated in patients with L1 syndrome, was identified in patient 5, who presented with antenatal hydrocephalus. RESULTS: Human embryonic expression analysis revealed MAGEL2 transcripts in the developing hypothalamus and ventral diencephalon at Carnegie stages (CSs) 19, 20, and 23 and in the Rathke pouch at CS20 and CS23. L1CAM was expressed in the developing hypothalamus, ventral diencephalon, and hindbrain (CS19, CS20, CS23), but not in the Rathke pouch. CONCLUSION: We report MAGEL2 and L1CAM mutations in four pedigrees with variable CH and arthrogryposis. Patients presenting early in life with this combined phenotype should be examined for features of SHFYNG and/or L1 syndrome. This study highlights the association of hypothalamo-pituitary disease with MAGEL2 and L1CAM mutations.

Cortisol/cortisone ratio and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity are associated with pediatric primary hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To identify novel biomarkers associated with pediatric primary hypertension. METHODS: We recruited 350 participants (4-16 years). Anthropometric parameters and aldosterone, plasma renin activity, cortisol, cortisone, Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, adiponectin, IL-6, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 levels and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-9 and MMP-2) activities were measured. Genomic DNA was isolated. Patients with altered glucose metabolism, severe obesity [BMI-SD score (BMI-SDS) > 2.5], renovascular disease, primary aldosteronism and apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome were excluded. RESULTS: In selected participants (n = 320), SBP was positively correlated with BMI-SDS (r = 0.382, P < 0.001), HOMA-IR (r = 0.211, P < 0.001), MMP-9 activity (r = 0.215, P < 0.001) and the cortisol/cortisone ratio (r = 0.231, P < 0.001). DBP showed similar correlations with these variables. No correlation was observed with aldosterone or plasma renin activity. Participants were categorized as hypertensive (n = 59) or nonhypertensive (n = 261). In the univariate analysis, hypertensive patients had higher BMI-SDS (P < 0.001), HOMA-IR (P < 0.001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P < 0.001), MMP-9 activity (P < 0.001), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (P < 0.001) and cortisol/cortisone ratio (P < 0.001) than nonhypertensive patients. Multiple regression analysis showed that the variables that remained associated with hypertension were higher BMI-SDS [odds ratio (OR) = 3.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.84-7.58], a higher cortisol/cortisone ratio (OR = 3.92; 95% CI = 1.98-7.71) and increased MMP-9 activity (OR = 4.23; 95% CI = 2.15-8.32). CONCLUSION: We report that MMP-9 activity and the cortisol/cortisone ratio were higher in pediatric primary hypertensive patients, and these associations were independent of the effect of obesity. The potential role of these novel biomarkers in predicting hypertension risk and blood pressure regulation warrants further investigation.

Usefulness and Pitfalls in Sodium Intake Estimation: Comparison of Dietary Assessment and Urinary Excretion in Chilean Children and Adults.

BACKGROUND: High sodium intake has been associated with various noncommunicable disease like hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or stroke. To estimate accurately sodium intake is challenging in clinical practice. We investigate the usefulness and limitations of assessing sodium intake simultaneously by dietary assessment and urinary samples in both children and adults. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional study design inviting 298 Chilean subjects (74 children and 222 adults) aged between 9 and 66 years of both genders. Sodium intake by dietary assessment was obtained from Chilean food composition data, based on FAO tables. Sodium and creatinine excretion were measured in 24-hour urine samples, in all participants. RESULTS: Adequate urinary collection was obtained in 81% of children (59/74) and 61% of adults (135/222). The mean sodium intake by dietary assessment was similar to the sodium excretion in 24 hours (3,121±1,153mg/d vs. 3,114±1,353mg/24h, P = nonsignificant) in children but was significantly lower (3,208±1,284mg/d vs. 4,160±1,651mg/24h, P < 0.001) in adults. In both children and adults, sodium intake correlated with urinary sodium excretion (r = 0.456, P < 0.003 and r = 0.390, P < 0.001, respectively). Secondary analyses also suggested that the dietary assessment was more inaccurate in overweight adult subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that average sodium intake was higher than recommended in both children and adults (WHO ≤2,000mg/d). The sodium intake estimated by dietary assessment correlated with urinary excretion in all subjects, but in obese adults was more inaccurate than in children. Future studies to validate the appropriate test to assess sodium intake by age and nutritional status are warranted.

Metabolic syndrome and its components are strongly associated with an inflammatory state and insulin resistance in the pediatric population / Síndrome metabólico y sus componentes se asocian con insulino resistencia y marcadores de inflamación en poblacion pediátrica

Introduction: Endothelial inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) begin in childhood and constitute the pathophysiological basis of Metabolic Syndrome (MS). The increase levels in plasma of inflammatory markers such as high sensitive PCR (hsPCR), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and tests suggestive of IR such as Insulin (Ins) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) have been associated with MS in adults, but have not been studied in children. Objectives: Correlate the presence of MS and its components with the inflammatory and IR markers seen in the pediatric population. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 337 children (10,9±9,7 years) whose levels of hsPCR, PAI-1, Ins and ALT were determined, along with their association with MS and its individual components. Results: 37 children had MS (10,4%). The frequency of MS components was: abdominal obesity 38,5%, hypertension (HTN) 21,3%, hypertriglyceridemia 17,8%, HDL 21,3% and hyperglycemia 1,4%. hsPCR, PAI-1, ALT and Ins were higher in the presence of MS and increased progressively when components were came together. Conclusions: The pediatric population segment with MS had a higher concentration of hsPCR, PAI-1, Ins and ALT.These levels increase proportionally MS components add up, suggesting that even before diagnosis criteria are fulfilled there is a inflammatory state (AU)

Introducción: La insulino resistencia (IR) y la inflamación endotelial constituyen la base fisiopatológica del Síndrome metabólico (SM) . El aumento de los niveles plasmáticos de mascadores de inflamación como PCRus, Inhibidor del activador de plasminógeni tipo 1 (PAI-1) y parámetros sugerentes de insulino resistencia (IR) como insulina, triglicéridos y Alanino aminotransferasa (ALT) se han asociado a síndrome metabólico en adultos pero han sido menos estudiados en pediatría. . Objetivo: Correlacionar los componentes del SM con marcadores de inflamación e IR en población pediátrica. Métodos: Estudio transversal de 337 niños (10,9±9,7 años). Se determinó niveles plasmáticos de PCRus, PAI- 1, ALT e Insulina y se evaluó su asociación con Síndrome metabólico y sus criterios de forma individual. Resultados: 37 sujetos tuvieron diagnóstico de SM (10.4%). 38.5% presentó obesidad abdominal, 21.3% Hipertensión arterial, 17.8% Hipertrigliceridemia, 21.3% niveles bajos de HDL y un 1.4% Hiperglicemia. Encontramos que PCRus, PAI-1 y ALT fueron más altas en presencia de SM y aumentaban progresivamente a medida que se agregaban criterios diagnósticos. Conclusión: Este estudio demuestra que en población pediátrica con diagnóstico de SM existen niveles más altos de PCRus, PAI-1, ALT e insulina y que a mayor nú- mero de criterios presentes la inflamación pareciera ser mayor lo que sugiere que incluso antes de tener el diagnóstico de SM ya existe un estado pro inflamatorio (AU)

Metabolic syndrome and its components are strongly associated with an inflammatory state and insulin resistance in the pediatric population.

INTRODUCTION: Endothelial inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) begin in childhood and constitute the pathophysiological basis of Metabolic Syndrome (MS). The increase levels in plasma of inflammatory markers such as high sensitive PCR (hsPCR), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and tests suggestive of IR such as Insulin (Ins) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) have been associated with MS in adults, but have not been studied in children. OBJECTIVES: Correlate the presence of MS and its components with the inflammatory and IR markers seen in the pediatric population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 337 children (10,9±9,7 years) whose levels of hsPCR, PAI-1, Ins and ALT were determined, along with their association with MS and its individual components. RESULTS: 37 children had MS (10,4%). The frequency of MS components was: abdominal obesity 38,5%, hypertension (HTN) 21,3%, hypertriglyceridemia 17,8%, HDL 21,3% and hyperglycemia 1,4%. hsPCR, PAI-1, ALT and Ins were higher in the presence of MS and increased progressively when components were came together. CONCLUSIONS: The pediatric population segment with MS had a higher concentration of hsPCR, PAI-1, Ins and ALT.These levels increase proportionally MS components add up, suggesting that even before diagnosis criteria are fulfilled there is a inflammatory state.

La insulino resistencia (IR) y la inflamación endotelial constituyen la base fisiopatológica del Síndrome metabólico (SM) . El aumento de los niveles plasmáticos de mascadores de inflamación como PCRus, Inhibidor del activador de plasminógeni tipo 1 (PAI-1) y parámetros sugerentes de insulino resistencia (IR) como insulina, triglicéridos y Alanino aminotransferasa (ALT) se han asociado a síndrome metabólico en adultos pero han sido menos estudiados en pediatría. Objetivo: Correlacionar los componentes del SM con marcadores de inflamación e IR en población pediátrica. Métodos: Estudio transversal de 337 niños (10,9±9,7 años). Se determinó niveles plasmáticos de PCRus, PAI-1, ALT e Insulina y se evaluó su asociación con Síndrome metabólico y sus criterios de forma individual. Resultados: 37 sujetos tuvieron diagnóstico de SM (10.4%). 38.5% presentó obesidad abdominal, 21.3% Hipertensión arterial, 17.8% Hipertrigliceridemia, 21.3% niveles bajos de HDL y un 1.4% Hiperglicemia. Encontramos que PCRus, PAI-1 y ALT fueron más altas en presencia de SM y aumentaban progresivamente a medida que se agregaban criterios diagnósticos. Conclusión: Este estudio demuestra que en población pediátrica con diagnóstico de SM existen niveles más altos de PCRus, PAI-1, ALT e insulina y que a mayor número de criterios presentes la inflamación pareciera ser mayor lo que sugiere que incluso antes de tener el diagnóstico de SM ya existe un estado pro inflamatorio.

[Hepatic steatosis as diabetes type 2 predictor]. / Esteatosis hepática: ¿preludio de diabetes tipo 2 en población pediátrica?

UNLABELLED: Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and increased type 2 diabetes (T2D). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is recognized as biochemical marker of NAFLD, currently used as screening for this disease. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the associations between (ALT) with anthropometric variables, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers in pediatric population. PATIENTS AND METHOD: we studied 348 subjects (52.7% females), aged between 4.9 and 15.6 years. Blood samples for measuring: AST, ALT, glycaemia, insulin, lipid profile, hsCRP TNF-α, IL-6 and adiponectin. We calculate HOMA-IR, QUICKI y el HOMA-ß. The results are expressed are expressed as median interquartile range. Variables were log10 transformed before Pearson correlations analyze. RESULTS: Serum ALT levels were positively associated with BMI-SDS (r = 0.335), waist/ height ratio (r = 0.358), insulin (r = 0.33), HOMA-IR (r = 0.33), HOMA-ß (r = 0.26), TG/HDL-c (r = 0.2), hsCRP (r = 0.3); and a negative association with QUICKI (r = -0.25) and adiponectin (r = -0.113). Non-association with ALT, glycaemia, TNF-α and IL-6 was found. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that ALT, but not AST, was significantly correlated with of insulin resistance and inflammatory markers, all of them recognized as risk parameters of pre diabetes stage. ALT should be part of the evaluation of all obesity children, mainly those with other cardiometabolic risk factors, since it could predict later development of T2DM. Further imaging studies are necessary to confirm fatty liver disease in this population.

El hígado graso no alcohólico (HGNA) es una complicación frecuente en pacientes obesos y se correlaciona con insulino resistencia (IR) y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Alanino aminotransferasa (ALT) se ha reconocido como un marcador bioquímico de HGNA y es utilizada para tamizaje de esta enfermedad. Objetivos: Evaluar la asociación entre niveles plasmáticos de aminotransaminasas, con variables antropométricas, marcadores de insulino resistencia e inflamación en población pediátrica. Sujetos y Métodos: Se estudiaron 348 sujetos (52,7% mujeres), con edades entre los 4,9 y 15,6 años. Se realizó antropometría y determinación sérica de: Aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), ALT, glicemia, insulina, perfil lipídico, PCR us, TNF-, IL-6 y adiponectina. Se calculó el HOMA-IR, QUICKI y el HOMA-. Los resultados se expresaron como mediana y rango intercuartil. Las variables fueron transformadas Log10 previo estudio con correlación de Pearson. Resultados: ALT se correlacionó positivamente con: IMCpuntaje z (r = 0,335), razón cintura / talla (r = 0,358), insulina (r = 0,33), HOMA-IR (r = 0,33), HOMA-(r = 0,26), TG /HDLCol (r = 0,2), PCR us (r = 0,3) y negativamente con QUICKI (r= -0,25) y adiponectina (r = -0,113). No fueron significativas las correlaciones de ALT con glicemia, TNF-e IL-6. Conclusión: En este estudio demostramos que ALT, se correlacionó significativamente con insulino resistencia y marcadores de inflamación, todos ellos son reconocidos como factores de riesgo para pre-diabetes. ALT debe ser parte de la evaluación de todo niño obeso, especialmente en aquellos con otros riesgos cardiometabólicos, dado que podría predecir desarrollo posterior de DM2. Estudio de imágenes son necesarios para confirmar presencia de HGNA en esta población.

Esteatosis Hepática: ¿Preludio de diabetes tipo 2 en población pediátrica? / Hepatic steatosis as diabetes type 2 predictor

El hígado graso no alcohólico (HGNA) es una complicación frecuente en pacientes obesos y se correlaciona con insulino resistencia (IR) y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Alanino aminotransferasa (ALT) se ha reconocido como un marcador bioquímico de HGNA y es utilizada para tamizaje de esta enfermedad. Objetivos: Evaluar la asociación entre niveles plasmáticos de aminotransaminasas, con variables antropométricas, marcadores de insulino resistencia e inflamación en población pediátrica. Sujetos y Métodos: Se estudiaron 348 sujetos (52,7% mujeres), con edades entre los 4,9 y 15,6 años. Se realizó antropometría y determinación sérica de: Aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), ALT, glicemia, insulina, perfil lipídico, PCR us, TNF-α, IL-6 y adiponectina. Se calculó el hOmA-IR, QUICKI y el HOMA-β. Los resultados se expresaron como mediana y rango intercuartil. Las variables fueron transformadas Log10 previo estudio con correlación de Pearson. Resultados: ALT se correlacionó positivamente con: IMC-puntaje z (r = 0,335), razón cintura / talla (r = 0,358), insulina (r = 0,33), HOMA-IR (r = 0,33), HOMA-β (r = 0,26), TG /HDL-Col (r = 0,2), PCR us (r = 0,3) y negativamente con QUICKI (r= -0,25) y adiponectina (r = -0,113). No fueron significativas las correlaciones de ALT con glicemia, TNF-α e IL-6. Conclusión: En este estudio demostramos que ALT, se correlacionó significativamente con insulino resistencia y marcadores de inflamación, todos ellos son reconocidos como factores de riesgo para pre-diabetes. ALT debe ser parte de la evaluación de todo niño obeso, especialmente en aquellos con otros riesgos cardiometabólicos, dado que podría predecir desarrollo posterior de DM2. Estudio de imágenes son necesarios para confirmar presencia de HGNA en esta población (AU)

Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and increased type 2 diabetes (T2D). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is recognized as biochemical marker of NAFLD, currently used as screening for this disease. Objective: To estimate the associations between (ALT) with anthropometric variables, insulin resistance and inflamatory markers in pediatric population. Patients and Method: we studied 348 subjects (52.7% females), aged between 4.9 and 15.6 years. Blood samples for measuring: AST, ALT, glycaemia, insulin, lipid profile, hsCRP TNF-α, IL-6 and adiponectin. We calculate HOMA-IR, QUICKI y el HOMA-β. The results are expressed are expressed as median interquartile range. Variables were log10 transformed before Pearson correlations analyze. Results: Serum ALT levels were positively associated with BMI-SDS (r = 0.335), waist/ height ratio (r = 0.358), insulin (r = 0.33), HOMA-IR (r = 0.33), HOMA-β (r = 0.26), TG/HDL-c (r = 0.2) , hsCRP (r = 0.3); and a negative association with QUICKI (r = -0.25) and adiponectin (r = -0.113). Non-association with ALT, glycaemia, TNF-α and IL-6 was found. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that ALT, but not AST, was significantly correlated with of insulin resistance and inflamatory markers, all of them recognized as risk parameters of pre diabetes stage. ALT should be part of the evaluation of all obesity children, mainly those with other cardiometabolic risk factors, since it could predict later development of T2DM. Further imaging studies are necessary to confirm fatty liver disease in this population (AU)

A relação entre teoria da mente e desenvolvimento moral em crianças pré-escolares / La relacion entre la teoria de la mente y el desarrollo moral en ninos pre-escolares / The relationship between theory of mind and moral development in preschool children

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre teoria da mente e julgamento moral (com base na intenção e com base no motivo) em uma amostra de crianças brasileiras de idade pré-escolar. Vinte e quatro crianças de 4 e 5 anos foram avaliadas por tarefas de teoria da mente e de julgamento moral. Embora a correlação entre os desempenhos nos dois tipos de tarefa não tenha se mostrado significativa, alguns efeitos importantes foram encontrados: os participantes tiveram mais facilidade para julgar os comportamentos propositais do que os acidentais; e as crianças de 5 anos tiveram um desempenho melhor do que as de 4 anos na tarefa de julgamento moral com base no motivo. Esses resultados sugerem que um julgamento moral mais sofisticado está associado a uma capacidade de diferenciar ações intencionais e não intencionais, bem como de identificar os motivos subjacentes à ação humana.

La finalidad en el presente estudio fue investigar la relación entre la teoría de la mente y el raciocinio moral (basado en la intención y en el motivo) en una muestra de niños brasileños en edad pre-escolar. Veinticuatro niños de 4 y 5 años fueron evaluados en tareas de la teoría de la mente y de raciocinio moral. Aunque la correlación entre los resultados de los dos tipos de tarea no fue significativa, algunos efectos importantes fueron encontrados: los participantes eran mejores en juzgar las conductas intencionales que las accidentales; y los niños de 5 años alcanzaron mejor desempeño que aquellos de 4 años en la tarea de raciocinio moral basado en el motivo. Estos resultados sugieren que un raciocinio moral más sofisticado se asocia a la capacidad de distinguir entre acciones intencionales y no intencionales, así como de identificar los motivos subyacentes de la acción humana.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between theory of mind and moral judgment (based on intention and based on motive) in a sample of Brazilian preschool children. Twenty-four 4- and 5-year olds were assessed in theory of mind and moral reasoning tasks. Although the correlation between performances in the two types of task was not significant, some important effects were found: participants were better at judging intentional behaviors than accidental ones and 5-year-olds performed better than 4-year-olds in the moral reasoning task based on motive. These results suggest that more sophisticated moral reasoning is associated with the capacity to differentiate intentional and non-intentional actions as well as to identify the underlying motives of human action.

A relação entre teoria da mente e desenvolvimento moral em crianças pré-escolares / La relacion entre la teoria de la mente y el desarrollo moral en ninos pre-escolares / The relationship between theory of mind and moral development in preschool children

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre teoria da mente e julgamento moral (com base na intenção e com base no motivo) em uma amostra de crianças brasileiras de idade pré-escolar. Vinte e quatro crianças de 4 e 5 anos foram avaliadas por tarefas de teoria da mente e de julgamento moral. Embora a correlação entre os desempenhos nos dois tipos de tarefa não tenha se mostrado significativa, alguns efeitos importantes foram encontrados: os participantes tiveram mais facilidade para julgar os comportamentos propositais do que os acidentais; e as crianças de 5 anos tiveram um desempenho melhor do que as de 4 anos na tarefa de julgamento moral com base no motivo. Esses resultados sugerem que um julgamento moral mais sofisticado está associado a uma capacidade de diferenciar ações intencionais e não intencionais, bem como de identificar os motivos subjacentes à ação humana.(AU)

La finalidad en el presente estudio fue investigar la relación entre la teoría de la mente y el raciocinio moral (basado en la intención y en el motivo) en una muestra de niños brasileños en edad pre-escolar. Veinticuatro niños de 4 y 5 años fueron evaluados en tareas de la teoría de la mente y de raciocinio moral. Aunque la correlación entre los resultados de los dos tipos de tarea no fue significativa, algunos efectos importantes fueron encontrados: los participantes eran mejores en juzgar las conductas intencionales que las accidentales; y los niños de 5 años alcanzaron mejor desempeño que aquellos de 4 años en la tarea de raciocinio moral basado en el motivo. Estos resultados sugieren que un raciocinio moral más sofisticado se asocia a la capacidad de distinguir entre acciones intencionales y no intencionales, así como de identificar los motivos subyacentes de la acción humana.(AU)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between theory of mind and moral judgment (based on intention and based on motive) in a sample of Brazilian preschool children. Twenty-four 4- and 5-year olds were assessed in theory of mind and moral reasoning tasks. Although the correlation between performances in the two types of task was not significant, some important effects were found: participants were better at judging intentional behaviors than accidental ones and 5-year-olds performed better than 4-year-olds in the moral reasoning task based on motive. These results suggest that more sophisticated moral reasoning is associated with the capacity to differentiate intentional and non-intentional actions as well as to identify the underlying motives of human action.(AU)

Positive association between aldosterone-renin ratio and carotid intima-media thickness in hypertensive children.

INTRODUCTION: From an early age, hypertension can damage blood vessels through multiple mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of vascular damage and whether it is associated with the mineralo- and glucocorticoid profiles of hypertensive children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We studied 64 hypertensive children. Anthropometric parameters and serum aldosterone (SA), plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone/renin ratio (ARR), cortisol (F) and cortisone (E) were measured. The serum F/E ratio was calculated to estimate the activity of the enzyme 11ß-HSD2. Vascular damage was determined by carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery (FMD) on ultrasound. RESULTS: (median; Q1-Q3) Of the patients observed, 39% were females, and the median value for age (years) was 11.2 (9.1-13.3), for BMI (SDS) was 1.36 (0.84-1.80), for body fat mass (%) was 28.3 (17.8-36.0), for SBP index was 1.17 (1.12-1.25) and for the DBP index was 1.27 (1.16-1.36). Measurements revealed an SA level higher than 491 pmol/l in 4/64 patients, a PRA value lower than 0.5 ng/ml/h in 2/64, an ARR higher than 10 in 3/64 and serum F/E ratio higher than 4.3 in 10/64. The median brachial FMD (%) was 8.41 (5.61-10.91), and the median cIMT (mm) was 0.40 (0.37-0.43). The ARR was the only variable that explained changes in cIMT (ß = 0.571, R(2 ) = 0.315, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our results showed a positive association between cIMT and the ARR, suggesting an important role of the renin-aldosterone axis in the regulation of early vascular damage in hypertensive children.

Birth weight is inversely associated with blood pressure and serum aldosterone and cortisol levels in children.

CONTEXT: Low birth weight has been independently associated with adult hypertension, and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a role in this connection. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the associations between birth weight (BW) and serum aldosterone (SA), serum cortisol, plasma renin activity (PRA) and blood pressure (BP). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: Children from the community born at a gestational age >32 weeks. METHODS: Systolic and diastolic BP indices (SBPi and DBPi) were calculated using the observed BP/50th percentile BP for gender, age and stature. BW was transformed to a standard deviation score (SDS) for gestational age, whereas SA, serum cortisol and PRA were transformed using the natural log. RESULTS: We selected 288 subjects between the ages of 4·9 and 15·5 years (Females, 50%). After adjusting for body mass index (BMI) SDS and Tanner, multiple regression analysis revealed that BW (SDS) was both independently and inversely associated with the natural log of SA (ß = -0·065; P = 0·039), the natural log of serum cortisol (ß = -0·064; P = 0·009), SBPi (ß = -0·012; P = 0·020) and DBPi (ß = -0·023; P = 0·002). An association was not observed with PRA (P = 0·178) and aldosterone renin ratio (ARR) (P = 0·452). Serum cortisol levels were positively associated with SA (r = 0·125; P = 0·034), while an association with PRA (P = 0·251) and ARR (P = 0·052) was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate an inverse association between birth weight and blood pressure and serum aldosterone and cortisol levels. This association is independent of BMI and Tanner, suggesting foetal programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Frequency of familial hyperaldosteronism type 1 in a hypertensive pediatric population: clinical and biochemical presentation.

Familial hyperaldosteronism type 1 is an autosomal dominant disorder attributed to a chimeric CYP11B1/CYP11B2 gene (CG). Its prevalence and manifestation in the pediatric population has not been established. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of familial hyperaldosteronism type 1 in Chilean hypertensive children and to describe their clinical and biochemical characteristics. We studied 130 untreated hypertensive children (4 to 16 years old). Blood samples for measuring plasma potassium, serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity, aldosterone/renin ratio, and DNA were collected. The detection of CG was performed using long-extension PCR. We found 4 (3.08%) of 130 children with CG who belonged to 4 unrelated families. The 4 patients with CG had very high aldosterone/renin ratio (49 to 242). In addition, we found 4 children and 5 adults who were affected among 21 first-degree relatives. Of the 8 affected children, 6 presented severe hypertension, 1 presented prehypertension, and 1 presented normotension. High serum aldosterone levels (>17.7 ng/dL) were detected in 6 of 8 subjects (range: 18.6 to 48.4 ng/dL) and suppressed plasma renin activity (≤0.5 ng/mL per hour) and high aldosterone/renin ratio (>10) in 8 of 8 children (range: 49 to 242). Hypokalemia was observed in only 1 of 8 children. We demonstrated that the prevalence of familial hyperaldosteronism type 1 in a pediatric hypertensive pediatric population was surprisingly high. We found a high variability in the clinical and biochemical characteristics of the affected patients, which suggests that familial hyperaldosteronism type 1 is a heterogeneous disease with a wide spectrum of presentations even within the same family group.

Compreensão de emoções, aceitação social e avaliação de atributos comportamentais em crianças escolares / Emotion understanding, social acceptance and evaluation of behavioral attributes in school-age children

Diversos pesquisadores do campo de estudos sobre teoria da mente têm investigado a relação entre compreensão de emoções e interação social. Seguindo essa linha de investigação, o presente estudo explorou a relação entre compreensão emocional, aceitação social e avaliação de atributos comportamentais pelos pares. Cinquenta e duas crianças escolares responderam a um teste de inteligência emocional e a dois testes de avaliação sociométrica. Não foi encontrada uma correlação entre a compreensão emocional e a aceitação social, porém uma correlação negativa entre a compreensão emocional e a avaliação de atributos ligados à agressividade/disruptividade foi observada. Esses resultados sugerem que o conhecimento de diferentes emoções e de estratégias de regulação emocional podem tornar as crianças menos propensas à agressividade reativa.

Several researchers in the theory of mind field have been investigating the relation between emotion understanding and social interaction. Following this line of investigation, the present study explored the relation between emotion understanding, social acceptance and evaluation of behavioral attributes by peers. Fifty-two school-aged children were administered an emotional intelligence test and two instruments of sociometric evaluation. A correlation between emotion understanding and social acceptance was not found, however, a negative correlation between emotion understanding and the evaluation of behavioral attributes related to aggressiveness/disruptivity was observed. The results suggest that the knowledge of different emotions and of emotion regulation strategies may make children less prone to reactive aggressiveness.

Compreensão de emoções, aceitação social e avaliação de atributos comportamentais em crianças escolares / Emotion understanding, social acceptance and evaluation of behavioral attributes in school-age children

Diversos pesquisadores do campo de estudos sobre teoria da mente têm investigado a relação entre compreensão de emoções e interação social. Seguindo essa linha de investigação, o presente estudo explorou a relação entre compreensão emocional, aceitação social e avaliação de atributos comportamentais pelos pares. Cinquenta e duas crianças escolares responderam a um teste de inteligência emocional e a dois testes de avaliação sociométrica. Não foi encontrada uma correlação entre a compreensão emocional e a aceitação social, porém uma correlação negativa entre a compreensão emocional e a avaliação de atributos ligados à agressividade/disruptividade foi observada. Esses resultados sugerem que o conhecimento de diferentes emoções e de estratégias de regulação emocional podem tornar as crianças menos propensas à agressividade reativa.(AU)

Several researchers in the theory of mind field have been investigating the relation between emotion understanding and social interaction. Following this line of investigation, the present study explored the relation between emotion understanding, social acceptance and evaluation of behavioral attributes by peers. Fifty-two school-aged children were administered an emotional intelligence test and two instruments of sociometric evaluation. A correlation between emotion understanding and social acceptance was not found, however, a negative correlation between emotion understanding and the evaluation of behavioral attributes related to aggressiveness/disruptivity was observed. The results suggest that the knowledge of different emotions and of emotion regulation strategies may make children less prone to reactive aggressiveness.(AU)

Aldosterone, plasma Renin activity, and aldosterone/renin ratio in a normotensive healthy pediatric population.

Primary aldosteronism is an important cause of secondary hypertension and is suspected in adults with an aldosterone/renin ratio > or =25. The normal aldosterone/renin ratio is unknown in children. The aim was to establish serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity, and aldosterone/renin ratio values in a healthy pediatric population. A cross-sectional study was performed in 211 healthy normotensive children (4 to 16 years old). Two subgroups of normotensive children were obtained: with hypertensive parents (NH) (n=113) and normotensive parents (n=98). Blood samples for measuring serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity, aldosterone/renin ratio, and DNA were collected. In subjects with aldosterone/renin ratio > or =25, the chimeric CYP11B1/CYP11B2 gene was investigated by long-extension PCR. Results are expressed as median [Q(1)-Q(3)]. NH and normotensive parents groups were similar in serum aldosterone (6.5 [3.6 to 9.0] ng/dL versus 6.5 [2.9 to 9.7] ng/dL; P=0.968) and plasma renin activity (2.3 [1.6 to 3.1] versus 2.4 [1.7 to 3.7] ng/mL per hour; P=0.129). The aldosterone/renin ratio was higher in the NH group, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (2.8 [1.9 to 4.1] versus 2.5 [1.4 to 4.0], P=0.104). In one subject of the NH group, the chimeric CYP11B1/CYP11B2 gene was detected. We demonstrated that normal aldosterone/renin ratio values in a healthy pediatric population without NH were lower than those reported for an adult normotensive population.